Chapter 07

References & Credits

Every clinical claim, threshold value, and figure framework in this atlas traces back to a published source. Below are those sources, organised by category, with notes on what each contributed to the modules.

Primary source · 1 entry

This atlas is structured around the framework, terminology, and clinical reasoning of the following textbook. Where chapter or figure numbers appear in module text, they refer to this volume.

  1. 01.
    McCaslin, D. L. (2013). Electronystagmography/Videonystagmography. Plural Publishing.
Reference textbooks · 8 entries

Standard works in vestibular science cited by McCaslin and consulted for cross-validation of physiological detail.

  1. 01.
    Leigh, R. J., & Zee, D. S. (2006). The Neurology of Eye Movements (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  2. 02.
    Leigh, R. J., & Zee, D. S. (2011). The Neurology of Eye Movements (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  3. 03.
    Baloh, R. W. (1998). Dizziness, Hearing Loss, and Tinnitus. F.A. Davis.
  4. 04.
    Baloh, R. W., & Honrubia, V. (2001). Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  5. 05.
    Baloh, R. W., & Kerber, K. A. (2011). Baloh and Honrubia's Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  6. 06.
    Jacobson, G. P., & Shepard, N. T. (Eds.). (2008). Balance Function Assessment and Management. Plural Publishing.
  7. 07.
    Shepard, N. T., & Schubert, M. C. (2008). Practical management of the balance-disorder patient. In Jacobson & Shepard (Eds.), Balance Function Assessment and Management.
  8. 08.
    Musiek, F. E., Baran, J. A., Shinn, J. B., & Jones, R. (2012). Disorders of the Auditory System. Plural Publishing.
Clinical practice guidelines · 1 entry

Evidence-based recommendations consulted for management content in the case studies module.

  1. 01.
    Bhattacharyya, N., Gubbels, S. P., Schwartz, S. R., Edlow, J. A., El-Kashlan, H., Fife, T., Holmberg, J. M., Mahoney, K., Hollingsworth, D. B., Roberts, R., Seidman, M. D., Steiner, R. W. P., Tsai Do, B., Voelker, C. C. J., Waguespack, R. W., & Corrigan, M. D. (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update). Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 156(3_suppl), S1–S47.
Peer-reviewed journal articles · 11 entries

Original research underpinning specific quantitative claims in the modules.

  1. 01.
    Jongkees, L. B. W., Maas, J. P. M., & Philipszoon, A. J. (1962). Clinical nystagmography: A detailed study of electronystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica, 24, 65–93.
  2. 02.
    Halmagyi, G. M., Cremer, P. D., Anderson, J., Murofushi, T., & Curthoys, I. S. (2000). Isolated directional preponderance of caloric nystagmus: I. Clinical significance. American Journal of Otology, 21(4), 559–567.
  3. 03.
    Striteska, M., Wexler, D., Tichacek, O., Alfarghal, M., Chovanec, M., & Schneider, E. (2026). Vestibular asymmetry in caloric and video head impulse testing: Do we interpret it correctly? International Journal of Audiology.
  4. 04.
    Curthoys, I. S., & Halmagyi, G. M. (1995). Vestibular compensation: A review of the oculomotor, neural, and clinical consequences of unilateral vestibular loss. Journal of Vestibular Research, 5(2), 67–107.
  5. 05.
    Hudspeth, A. J., & Corey, D. P. (1977). Sensitivity, polarity, and conductance change in the response of vertebrate hair cells to controlled mechanical stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 74(6), 2407–2411.
  6. 06.
    Goldberg, J. M., & Fernández, C. (1971). Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. I. Resting discharge and response to constant angular accelerations. Journal of Neurophysiology, 34(4), 635–660.
  7. 07.
    Coats, A. C., & Smith, S. Y. (1967). Body position and the intensity of caloric nystagmus. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 63(6), 515–532.
  8. 08.
    Ewald, J. R. (1892). Physiologische Untersuchungen über das Endorgan des Nervus octavus. Bergmann, Wiesbaden.
  9. 09.
    Hain, T. C. (1992). Background and technique of ocular motility testing. In Jacobson, Newman, & Kartush (Eds.), Handbook of Balance Function Testing.
  10. 10.
    Heide, W., Kurzidim, K., & Kömpf, D. (1996). Deficits of smooth pursuit eye movements after frontal and parietal lesions. Brain, 119(6), 1951–1969.
  11. 11.
    Sylvestre, P. A., & Cullen, K. E. (1999). Quantitative analysis of abducens neuron discharge dynamics during saccadic and slow eye movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 82(5), 2612–2632.
Classic historical works · 4 entries

Foundational papers establishing the techniques and principles still in clinical use.

  1. 01.
    Bárány, R. (1907). Physiologie und Pathologie des Bogengangsapparates beim Menschen. Deuticke, Vienna.
  2. 02.
    Dix, M. R., & Hallpike, C. S. (1952). The pathology, symptomatology and diagnosis of certain common disorders of the vestibular system. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 45(6), 341–354.
  3. 03.
    Epley, J. M. (1992). The canalith repositioning procedure: For treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 107(3), 399–404.
  4. 04.
    Alexander, G. (1912). Die Ohrenkrankheiten im Kindesalter. In M. Pfaundler & A. Schlossmann (Eds.), Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde. Vogel, Leipzig.
Online clinical resources · 4 entries

Open-access references consulted for current clinical practice context.

  1. 01.
    Noreikaite, G., Winters, R., & Shermetaro, C. (2024). VNG/ENG Testing. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599515/
  2. 02.
    Cleveland Clinic. (2025). Videonystagmography (VNG) test. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22630-videonystagmography
  3. 03.
    Interacoustics Academy. Videonystagmography (VNG): An Introduction. https://www.interacoustics.com/academy/balance-testing-training/videonystagmography
  4. 04.
    Smith, A., Beck, D. L., Petrak, M., & Bahner, C. (2019). In the Trenches, Part 2: Videonystagmography (VNG). The Hearing Review.
Acknowledgements

The structural outline and clinical voice of this atlas owe most directly to Devin L. McCaslin, whose textbook served as our blueprint. The quantitative framework for caloric interpretation rests on L. B. W. Jongkees' 1962 formulation, which remains the clinical standard nearly seven decades on. The conceptual foundation — Robert Bárány's 1907 caloric test and Julius Ewald's 1892 laws — predate every modern technology in the modules above and continue to govern interpretation today.

Where modern peer-reviewed work has refined or critiqued these classics (Halmagyi, Curthoys, Striteska et al., among others), those papers are listed above. Any error in adaptation belongs to this atlas, not to the original authors.

Citation note

To cite this teaching atlas in coursework or presentations, please cite the underlying primary sources listed above (especially McCaslin, 2013, for textual framework; Jongkees, 1962, for caloric mathematics; and Bhattacharyya et al., 2017, for BPPV management). This adaptation is a reorganisation and visualisation of their work for pedagogical use.

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